Underground Threat: Tunnels Pose Trouble from Mexico to Middle East
By Ken Stier
Time Magazine, May 2, 2009
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1895430,00.html?iid=tsmodule
With swine flu frenzy gripping the U.S., the threat coming from south of the Mexico border may seem more real to many Americans than ever before. But the U.S. border authorities who patrol that 1,969 mile long border have another stealth threat to worry about. This month, they will begin installing the first small, 50 mile segment of a 'virtual fence' on the dividing line with Mexico. By 2014 most of the border will be home to sensor-equipped towers that are linked to a central communications network. But while proponents argue that the system will help stem the flow of illegal immigrants, drugs and arms coming over the border, most experts admit it will do little to guard against people making their way under it.
And as above ground border defenses and patrols get tougher, that subterranean vulnerability is becoming a growing problem. Since 2001, more than 100 tunnels have been discovered by U.S. law enforcement, compared with just 15 in the 1990s, and the pace is accelerating. Most of those have been uncovered through human intelligence, since there are no currently available technical means to reliably detect tunnels. The Department of Homeland Security started spending research money on detection technologies two years ago. But even the most promising ones primarily adapted from mining and petroleum exploration industries are several years from proving reliable. 'We see this as one of those frontier threat areas that have to be mitigated but it is a very, very difficult problem area,' says Rick Miller, a leading expert at the Kansas Geological Survey.
Most of the tunnels are pretty crude, what law enforcement call gopher holes. Typically just a few feet down and only long enough to get under a fence or two, they can be dug with a pick axe and shovel in the span of just a few nights. Some of them tap into existing infrastructure, using paved roads as roofs, or by punching their way into extensive storm drainage systems that are sometimes shared by border towns, such as with the town of Nogales, Mexico and its northern neighbor in Arizona also called Nogales.
Far more worrisome are the increasingly sophisticated tunnels that display mining engineering expertise and significant investments of money. A tunnel discovered in 2006 believed to have been financed by the Tijuana Cartel led by the family of Ramon Arellano Felix was around 2,400 feet long and about nine stories deep. It had concrete floors in certain sections, ventilation, electricity and a water drainage system. It went from an industrial area of Tijuana across the border to a warehouse in Otay Mesa, the main commercial port of entry near San Diego. 'The technology it used was shocking,' says Brian Damkroger, who heads the Borders and Maritime Security programs at Sandia National Labs in New Mexico. (View pictures of high seas border patrol near San Diego.)
In some respects, though, it was predictable. Drug cartels certainly have the money to build these tunnels, and Mexicos sizeable mining sector means there is plenty of tunnel engineering expertise available, willing or not. There have been at least nine very sophisticated tunnels discovered over the years, some equipped with rails to move contraband more efficiently. Authorities believe at least six cartels are thought to be capable of building major tunnels, and three have already undertaken them. 'I would certainly think that [tunneling] would be the preferred way to go for drug smugglers,' says Neil Anderson, Professor, Geological Engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla, who has worked on the issue for the military. '
Still, even for cash flush traffickers, these narco-tunnels are not small undertakings. The Otay Mesa tunnel could easily have cost more than a million dollars; several hundred truckloads would have been needed to carry away the excavated soil. Covert tunneling entails more security risks that cost extra to conceal. On top of that, US officials believe they caught the latest sophisticated tunnel soon after it came online.
'That's a huge hit,' says Michael Unzueta, special agent in charge of Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Office of Investigations [in San Diego]. 'Drug trafficking organizations don't want to lose money, narcotics, houses and the same goes for tunnels and if they spent a year a digging a tunnel and then to loose that asset so quickly, that has to have some crippling setback effect.'
But for a business worth some $25 billion a year, that's debatable. 'The cartels can afford to dig ten tunnels, have nine of them get discovered, one doesn't and the money they make off of that one tunnel pays for all ten, and then some, so why not,' counters Austin Long, a security expert, and associate political scientist at the Rand Corporation, who points to all the other exotic and expensive ways cartels have devised to bring drugs into the US, including submarines and ultra-light aircraft.
Tunnels have been a factor in conflicts and escapes for millennia; only after the Vietnam War did the world came to appreciate the engineering marvel the Vietnamese Communists accomplished in the Cu Chi tunnel networks, which was as extensive as the New York City subway system. But in today's age of asymmetric conflict tunneling seems to have a new cachet. The US military is finding this out in Iraq and Afghanistan, where there have been numerous successful and nearly successful underground breaches at bases and prisons where suspected terrorists are held. 'Protecting underground perimeters is the next capability gap to be bridged in the force protection arena,' Lt Colonel Robert Tucker, of the Army's Maneuver Support Center at Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, wrote in a recent journal article.
Israel was jolted into awareness of the threats tunnels pose one early Sunday morning in June of 2006, when Palestinian militants popped up from the earth in the middle of a military outpost near the border, killing two soldiers and wounding four others. Twenty year old Gilad Shalit, whose hand broke when an RPG hit his tank, was dragged into the tunnel and back to Gaza. Almost three years later, Shalit is still being held by Hamas, which has offered to exchange him for 450 Palestinians prisoners.
Even more vexing are the estimated 800 tunnels linking Gaza (from the town of Rafah) with Egypt, whose border is closed due to friction between Cairo and Hamas. The tunnels are critical conduits not only for weapons but also medicine and food, including live goats and sheep. The occasional bombing along the border is not thought to accomplish much; Israel's US-made bunker-busting bombs would not do much damage to tunnels that are 70-100 feet deep. If tunnels are located as they were in Israel's latest ground operation in Gaza in January they are not easily disabled for long. By the end of March some 70 tons of weapons was smuggled in to replenish Hamas stocks, according to Israel's security chief, Yuval Diskin.
Back at the Mexico-Texas border, the new fence does include some underground sensors. But in reality, it basically stitches together currently available commercial technology which experts acknowledge is far from adequate to detect stealth tunneling. The overall problem is that soil conditions vary widely and some environments pose particular challenges. Acoustical and electromagnetic techniques, for instance, are seriously compromised in urban environments, which are noisy and have lots of other metal around. That's important because most tunnels so far have been found in or near cities, which provide the 'cover' to help obscure the infrastructure needed, like warehouses, for tunnels to thrive.
'We fully expect that our well-financed adversaries, will take whatever steps they feel they need to take that they think might defeat our mechanismsboth above and below the ground,' says Mark Borkowski, a retired Air Force colonel who is now executive director of the Department of Homeland Security's Secure Border Initiative, which oversees the physical and virtual fences on the Mexico border. 'We are seeing all kinds of technologies that these people are using to get around some of the fences we are putting in place.'
